The 11 types of ICHRA classes

For years, companies have had ways of providing different kinds of healthcare coverage to different kinds of employees. This blog focuses on Individual Coverage Health Reimbursement Arrangements, or ICHRAs, which have only been a thing for a few years. They’re not to be confused with legacy Health Reimbursement Arrangements, or just plain HRAs, which amount to a license for big companies to give their top executives a tax-advantaged blank check to cover all their healthcare-adjacent costs.

There are 11 ways of dividing employees up into classes for ICHRA purposes.

Types of ICHRA classes

ICHRAs allow you to divide your employees into different classes, and each class needs to be treated equally regarding the benefits offered. Here's a closer look at some of the key classes and their requirements:

You can continue to learn more about the most important terms for ICHRA in our ICHRA glossary article.

ICHRA classes seems to include everyone. Even Medicare recipients are eligible for benefits under ICHRA if they choose to use ICHRA funds to pay their deductibles, copays and Part B premiums.

So the real question is: Who is excluded?

The exception the IRS calls out are those covered by their spouse’s health plan – which just makes sense – and employees who are part owners of a company registered as an S-corp or other passthrough entity. In the startup world, of course, there’s a lot of that. So you might want to check with lawyers about how to structure employee equity plans so that your early-stage work force can benefit from both those incentives and their ICHRAs.

Before we move on, let’s spend a moment on the distinction between full- and part-time staff. It’s up to you as the startup’s founder to define the boundary as above or below 40 hours per week, or 30 hours or anywhere in between. But you need to be consistent. But if you’re using ICHRAs to comply with the Affordable Care Act’s employer mandate, you should set that bar at 30 hours.

ICHRA classes rules

ICHRA classes are categories that employers use to determine eligibility for reimbursement plans based on different types of employment classifications. These classes provide flexibility in offering benefits tailored to various groups of employees.

Minimum class size requirements ensure that these plans remain fair and do not discriminate against small employee groups. For smaller companies or startups with fewer than 100 employees, a minimum of 10 employees per class is required. For mid-sized companies with 100-200 employees, the minimum class size is 10% of the total workforce. Larger organizations with more than 200 employees must have at least 20 employees in each class.

Important: Minimum class size requirements only apply if a traditional group plan is being offered to at least one class. If an employer is offering multiple ICHRAs to different classes, there are no minimum class size restrictions.

Additionally, adhering to these class size requirements ensures your ICHRA offering meets the employer mandate, particularly for Applicable Large Employers (ALEs) with 50 or more full-time employees. For these larger organizations, providing ICHRA that is affordable and meets the minimum value requirement can fulfill legal obligations and potentially avoid hefty fines.

It's also worthwhile to note that while you can offer ICHRA benefits to all employees without class distinctions, splitting employees into different classes allows you to strategically design your benefits package. For instance, you can decide on different reimbursement amounts or coverage options for different employee categories, provided all employees within a class are treated equally.

Remember, structuring ICHRA offerings by class not only aids in regulatory compliance but also enhances your company's ability to attract and retain a diverse talent pool by offering tailored benefits. Make sure to stay updated with the latest guidelines to ensure your ICHRA plan is both compliant and advantageous to your employees.

Now that we have a rubric for how to classify employees, let’s look at why it’s important for you as an employer.

Class standings

These employee classes provide the definitions you need to classify your employees into pools. This gives you flexibility into how you marshal your resources.

Remember, you can’t offer legacy health insurance and ICHRAs to the same class of employee. And, if you do offer legacy health insurance and ICHRAs to separate classes, you face the added stricture of minimum class sizes.

These apply only to the first five classes listed above: full-timers, part-timers, salaried workers, hourly workers and remote or satellite office employees. If you have 100 or fewer eligible employees, each class must comprise at least 10 of them. If you have 200 or more, that minimum number becomes 20. If you’re in the 101-199 range, at least 10% of eligible employees must be within that class.

There are lots of exceptions, though. In many cases, minimum class size doesn’t apply.

ICHRAs benefits

What are ICHRAs, or Individual Coverage Health Reimbursement Arrangements, exactly? They enable companies of any size to provide their employees with tax-free contributions that cover up to 100% of their individual health insurance premiums, along with other eligible medical expenses. If you are using ICHRAs to comply with the Affordable Care Act's employer mandate, it is recommended that you set the bar at 30 hours.

Instead of offering insurance policies directly, companies advise their employees to shop on a government-sponsored exchange and select the plan which best suits their needs. Premiums are then reduced by employer reimbursement rather than an advance premium tax credit.

ICHRAs also provide further reimbursement for such out-of-pocket expenses as online health products and services.

By sponsoring ICHRAs, companies can give great benefits to their team, spend less time on legacy health insurance plans, and focus instead on what matters: building their business.